Healing Through Art: Why Art Therapy for Teens Works
Navigating the turbulent waters of adolescence can be daunting, and many teens struggle with expressing their complex emotions. Art therapy offers a lifeline—an engaging approach to mental health that taps into the power of creativity for emotional healing.
Our article will guide parents on how art therapies can provide their teenagers with tools for self-expression and coping skills through various artistic mediums. Discover the transformative power of art in fostering well-being—read on for inspiration and understanding.
Key Takeaways
- Art therapy provides a unique form of expression for teens, helping them channel complex emotions through creative activities like drawing, painting, and sculpting.
- Through art therapy techniques such as role-play, storytelling, and movement exercises, teenagers gain insight into their behaviors and build emotional resilience.
- Engaging in music – related art therapy can reduce anxiety levels and improve mood by allowing teens to express themselves with personalized playlists or through writing their own songs.
- Regular participation in these therapeutic practices supports the development of coping skills that are beneficial both within and beyond the therapy sessions.
Understanding Art Therapy for Teens
Art therapy gives teens a form of expression beyond words where they can channel their emotions into something tangible. It’s particularly effective for those who may have trouble articulating their feelings or who are going through experiences that leave them feeling voiceless.
They learn to communicate in the language of color, shape, and line, making sense of what might otherwise be confusing and overwhelming emotions.
A trained art therapist guides adolescents as they explore various artistic materials and processes which serve as both an outlet for stress and a medium for self-discovery. The act of creating art provides a break from internal turmoil while engaging senses, enhancing cognitive functioning, and triggering the release of dopamine – a feel-good neurotransmitter.
These sessions not only aid in emotional regulation but also foster resilience by providing strategies for healthy coping with life’s challenges.
Benefits of Art Therapy for Teenagers and Young Adults
Art therapy offers a unique avenue for teenagers and young adults to navigate the complexities of their emotions, providing a safe space for self-discovery and communication. Through creative engagement, this therapeutic practice fosters emotional growth and resilience, crucial for individuals during these formative years.
Emotional Healing
Emotional healing is a core benefit of engaging in art therapy, as it guides teenagers through the process of addressing and managing their feelings. Through this form of therapy, your child can discover how to recognize and name emotions they might be struggling with – from anger to sadness or anxiety.
This recognition plays a vital role in emotional regulation and helps with managing behavioral challenges. A trained art therapist provides both the space and support needed for young adults to tap into their creative wells, allowing them to express concerns that might otherwise remain hidden.
While interacting with different materials during arts therapies sessions, teens often experience relief from psychological distress by channeling difficult emotions into physical creations.
It’s more than just making art; it’s about redirecting internal struggles outwardly in an environment free from judgment. The transformative power lies not only in creating these artworks but also in the significant discussions that follow with therapists – using creativity as an intermediary for communication can foster frustration tolerance and build self-awareness effectively.
Now let’s look at how improved self-expression takes shape through these therapeutic practices.
Improved Self-Expression
Art therapy unlocks new ways for teenagers and young adults to share their thoughts and feelings. Through activities like pottery, painting, and drama, they learn to articulate complex emotions that might be too difficult to express with words alone.
This creative process becomes a bridge for communication, allowing your child to convey what’s on their mind in a universal language of imagery and color.
Encouraging your teen to engage in the arts can lead them towards greater self-expression and improved interpersonal skills. By designing jewelry or crafting costumes, adolescents find unique methods of showcasing their identity and experiences.
These therapeutic art sessions foster an environment where self-disclosure is safe and valued—essential steps toward building stronger relationships and mental resilience.
Enhanced Self-Understanding
Creative therapies open a door to self-discovery for teens, offering them a mirror to understand their feelings and thoughts in profound ways. As they create art, teenagers learn to recognize patterns in their behavior and emotions.
This recognition boosts self-awareness and lays the foundation for personal growth. They begin to see how their experiences shape who they are, giving them power over their life stories.
Artistic expression helps youth make sense of complex inner worlds, leading to increased self-esteem as they gain clarity about themselves. This improved insight can evolve into better stress management skills because teens become adept at identifying what causes them anxiety or discomfort—arming them with the knowledge needed to address these issues head-on.
Moving forward, let’s explore how various art therapy techniques work in practice.
How Art Therapy Works
Art therapy engages teens by tapping into their innate creativity, facilitating a deeper exploration of emotions and experiences that can lead to profound personal discoveries and healing—discover the transformative power of these therapeutic practices in your teen’s journey toward wellbeing.
Art Therapy Assessments
Art therapy assessments play a pivotal role in tailoring the healing journey for your teen. Therapists harness these tools to craft a therapeutic approach that aligns with your child’s unique emotional landscape.
- Initial Consultation: This first step involves meeting with an art therapist to discuss your teen’s history, concerns, and goals for therapy. It sets the foundation for a personalized treatment plan.
- Creative Expression Exercises: Your teen may be asked to create art as part of the assessment. These exercises help therapists observe behavioral patterns and emotional responses that might not surface during talk therapy.
- Observational Techniques: Art therapists watch how teens interact with materials and space during creation. They look for signs of distress, comfort levels with different art forms, and nonverbal cues that reveal inner experiences.
- Diagnostic Artifacts: Specific drawing tasks, like the house-tree-person test, can provide insights into a teenager’s mental state by eliciting subconscious feelings and thoughts.
- Structured Interviews: Therapists engage teens in targeted conversations about their artwork. This helps them understand the meanings behind each piece and any associated emotions or memories.
- Projective Assessments: Using standard psychological tests incorporating art-making can aid in understanding complex issues like shame or intrusive thoughts without direct questioning.
- Treatment Planning Session: After assessments, therapists design a course of action that addresses identified needs through various creative arts therapies suited to the teen’s condition.
- Feedback Meetings With Parents: Regular updates ensure caregivers stay informed about progress and therapy focus, allowing them to support their teen’s healing journey effectively.
Visual Art Techniques
Evaluating a teen’s needs through art therapy assessments paves the way for utilizing visual art techniques. These methods allow young individuals to express and process their emotions creatively and therapeutically.
- Drawing: This fundamental technique gets teens to transfer feelings onto paper, which can reveal underlying issues or emotions. They might sketch memories, dreams, or abstract shapes that resonate with their internal state.
- Painting: With colors and brushes, painting encourages self-expression beyond words. It may help teenagers explore their moods and convey complex emotional landscapes in a soothing manner.
- Sculpting: Shaping materials like clay allows teens to construct tangible representations of their thoughts and feelings. This hands-on activity promotes mindfulness and present-moment focus.
- Collage Making: By combining different images, textures, and materials, collage making provides a unique avenue for self-discovery and personal storytelling.
- Mask Creation: Designing masks can offer insights into the various roles teens feel they play in life and can lead to discussions about identity and authenticity.
- Printmaking: The process of printmaking lets adolescents experiment with patterns and repetitions, which could symbolize habits or recurring challenges in their lives.
Dramatic Techniques
Transitioning from the tangible expression found in visual arts, dramatic techniques in art therapy offer a dynamic avenue for teenagers to navigate their emotions. These methods not only foster creativity but also provide teens with tools to better understand and manage their feelings.
- Role-play serves as a powerful tool where teens can act out scenarios that mirror real-life situations or internal conflicts. This allows them to experiment with different outcomes and gain insight into their own behaviors.
- Storytelling encourages your teen to narrate their experiences, offering them control over how they frame their story. They can explore different perspectives and find empowerment in authoring their personal journeys.
- Symbolic representation through art materials gives shape to abstract emotions and experiences. Teens use props and various items to create a physical manifestation of what they feel, paving the way for deeper discussion and analysis.
- Creating masks can help your teen explore different aspects of their personality or identity. Behind the mask, they may feel free to express thoughts or feelings that are difficult to share openly.
- Scriptwriting and performance let teens draft their narratives, promoting understanding of plot development which parallels with managing life’s challenges. Participating in performances provides a sense of accomplishment and boosts self-confidence.
- Group sessions incorporate ensemble exercises where trust – building is key. These activities encourage collaborative storytelling while also teaching valuable social skills and empathy.
Writing Techniques
Art therapy taps into the power of creativity to help teens navigate emotional landscapes. Writing techniques, such as journaling and poetry, offer a unique pathway for self-expression and healing.
- Journaling: Teens can use journals as a personal space to freely express thoughts and feelings. This practice helps them track mood changes, recognize patterns in behavior, and uncover underlying motivations. Journaling creates a reflective dialogue where teens can converse with themselves, leading to increased self-awareness and mindfulness.
- Poetry: Crafting poems allows teens to play with language and expression, often revealing emotions they might not speak aloud. Poetry distills experiences into potent words that capture the essence of their feelings. Through rhythm and rhyme, they find new ways to communicate complex emotions, fostering emotional release and understanding.
- Storytelling: Encouraging teenagers to tell their stories provides them with control over how they narrate their experiences. They become protagonists in their life stories, gaining perspective on past events. Storytelling empowers them by allowing authorship of their journeys toward healing.
- Expressive writing prompts: These prompts guide teens through structured writing exercises that target specific issues or emotions. Writing prompts can direct focus toward solutions for problems or act as a catalyst for exploring difficult memories or feelings in a safe environment.
Movement/Somatic Techniques
Movement and somatic techniques play a crucial role in the realm of art therapy for teenagers. They offer powerful avenues for young individuals to process complex emotions and experiences without relying solely on verbal communication.
- Body – based approaches provide teens with a way to express feelings they may struggle to articulate. Art therapists guide adolescents through activities like dance or yoga, which allow them to convey emotions through physical movement.
- These techniques also contribute to emotional regulation. By engaging in controlled movements or breathing exercises, teens can experience a calming effect and learn how to manage anxiety and stress.
- Developing self – awareness is another benefit of somatic practices. Teens become more attuned to their bodies’ responses, understanding how emotions manifest physically, which can be transformative in dealing with mental health challenges.
- Guided imagery sessions involve therapists leading teens through visualizations that can promote relaxation and encourage trauma processing. This method often helps unlock deeper insights into personal issues.
- Mindful movement classes incorporate mindfulness principles with physical activity, fostering a connection between mind and body that enhances focus and presence.
- Sensory – based exercises are tailored to trigger positive sensory responses. Engaging different senses, such as touch or sound, helps redirect attention from distressing thoughts and promotes healing.
- Building resilience becomes part of the journey as adolescents learn coping strategies through movement. Regular practice equips them with tools to face future stresses constructively.
- Releasing tension stored in the body is essential for overall well – being. Through stretching or other gentle exercises, teens can alleviate physical stress that often accompanies emotional burdens.
Music Techniques
Integrating music techniques into art therapy offers a multifaceted approach to help teens navigate emotional challenges. Music can be a powerful catalyst for self-discovery and healing, proving particularly effective for young adults.
- Utilize personalized playlists to set the therapeutic tone. Teens often connect with music that reflects their current emotions, making it easier to engage in therapy sessions.
- Facilitate lyrical analysis as a gateway to personal reflection. Discussing the meaning behind song lyrics can help teenagers uncover and articulate their feelings and experiences.
- Encourage active music-making, like drumming or guitar playing, to promote mindfulness and focus. This participation aids in expressing emotions non-verbally while providing a sense of accomplishment.
- Integrate music improvisation exercises to foster creativity and spontaneity. These activities can reveal hidden emotions and facilitate deeper exploration of complex feelings.
- Pair art creation with background music to reduce anxiety levels during sessions. Calm melodies or specific rhythms can help establish a relaxing atmosphere conducive to emotional healing.
- Implement guided visualizations with musical accompaniment to help teens explore their inner thoughts. Such practices can lead to significant insights and promote relaxation.
- Design songwriting workshops that allow for expression of personal stories through music. Writing original songs offers an outlet for creative storytelling and emotional release.
- Offer opportunities for group performance, building social connections and support networks among peers. Sharing musical talents can boost self-esteem and encourage communal healing processes.
- Teach breathing exercises accompanied by soothing tunes to improve emotional regulation skills. Controlled breathing with rhythmic cues helps manage stress responses more effectively.
- Encourage exploration of various genres to help teens find their unique musical tastes which reflect their evolving identities. Exposure to different types of music broadens their cultural understanding and self-awareness.
Practical Examples of Art Therapy for Teens
Practical Examples of Art Therapy for Teens:
Exploring the transformative power of art therapy, we delve into hands-on practices tailored for adolescents, each carefully designed to engage and support teens on their journey to emotional maturity and psychological resilience.
Engaging in these creative endeavors, teenagers unlock new channels for communication and self-discovery, fostering growth in a space that honors their unique experiences and perspectives.
Drawing Activities
Art therapy provides a powerful tool for teenagers to navigate the complexities of their emotions. Drawing activities, in particular, unlock a realm of self-expression and mental health support for your teen.
- Freeform Doodling: Encourage your teen to let their pencil wander on paper without a specific goal, which can relieve stress and ignite creativity.
- Collaborative Drawing Games: These games involve multiple people adding to a single drawing. They help teens build social skills and learn about cooperation while being creative.
- Emotional Color Wheel: Have your teen choose colors that represent different emotions and create a color wheel as a visual diary of their feelings.
- Sketching Emotions: Ask your teen to sketch what certain emotions look like to them. This can provide insight into their inner world and foster emotional intelligence.
Painting Activities
Painting activities offer a dynamic way for teens to explore their inner world and convey complex feelings. These creative tasks can be tailored to address various emotional and behavioral issues, providing a unique outlet for expression.
- Start with simple painting exercises that focus on color choices reflecting mood. Encourage your teen to select colors based on how they feel at the moment.
- Introduce stress-relief painting where quick, expressive brush strokes allow for the release of pent-up emotions.
- Create themed painting sessions that revolve around important life events or personal challenges, guiding teens to process these experiences through art.
- Practice mindful painting techniques that combine meditation with creativity, promoting relaxation while painting.
- Use guided imagery before a painting activity to inspire teens and help them visualize their emotions effectively on canvas.
- Set up group sessions where teenagers can share stories behind their artworks, fostering communication and understanding among peers dealing with similar issues.
- Incorporate music therapy by having teens paint what they hear, using rhythm and melody as inspiration for visual expression.
- Tailor activities specifically for those struggling with eating disorders by focusing on body positivity and self-image through symbolic representation in their artwork.
- Offer clay and sculpting opportunities alongside painting to cater to different preferences, enhancing tactile engagement and fine motor skills.
- Engage teens in creating murals as a community project which helps instill a sense of accomplishment and shared purpose.
Mindful Painting Techniques
Moving from the vibrant world of painting activities, we now delve into mindful painting techniques that offer your teen a unique way to meditate through art. This approach encourages your child to immerse themselves in the creative process, anchoring them in the present moment.
- Begin with a blank canvas and have your teen focus on their breathing. Teach them to observe each breath as they start to add colors and shapes onto the canvas, letting their intuition guide their choices.
- Suggest using soft background music to set a calming atmosphere. The rhythm can help regulate emotions and foster a sense of tranquility that informs their artistic expression.
- Encourage exploration of different textures with various tools. Teens can use brushes, fingers, or even sponges to apply paint, engaging multiple senses which enhance mindfulness.
- Introduce simple subjects or themes for inspiration. A focus on nature elements like flowers or water can prompt peaceful reflections and deeper concentration during the creative process.
- Encourage regular pauses for reflection. Have teens step back from their artwork periodically to observe its progress and reconnect with their internal state.
- Guide them in expressing thoughts without judgment. Remind your teen that there’s no right or wrong in art; they should feel free to convey what’s on their mind authentically.
- Incorporate breathing exercises into painting sessions. Instruct teens to synchronize brush strokes with inhales and exhales, fostering a meditative practice that soothes anxiety.
- Show how colors can represent feelings. Offer a color chart that associates certain hues with emotions so teens can visually express what they may struggle to put into words otherwise.
- Discuss the concept of impermanence by creating temporary art pieces. Teach them that just as thoughts and feelings pass, so too can an artwork change or fade away.
Clay and Sculpting Activities
Transitioning from the peaceful practice of mindful painting, we now delve into the tactile world of clay and sculpting activities as an avenue for creative expression. These hands-on approaches offer a different dimension to art therapy that can unlock many benefits for teens.
- Stimulates Emotional Recovery: Crafting with clay provides a unique sensory experience. While teens mold and shape their creations, they simultaneously work through complex emotions. This process can be incredibly soothing and often leads to emotional healing.
- Calms the Mind: The act of sculpting can serve as a meditative practice. It allows teenagers to focus on the task at hand and pushes aside overwhelming thoughts or worries. It’s an excellent method for achieving a state of mindfulness, which is known to reduce stress levels.
- Builds Self-Esteem: As teens create tangible objects from clay, they also build confidence in their abilities. Completing a sculpture instills a sense of accomplishment and fosters positive self-regard, which combats low self-esteem issues.
- Improves Mental Health: Engaging in clay work becomes not just an artistic endeavor but also a therapeutic one. By creating figures or miniature worlds, adolescents open up new pathways for personal growth and development, leading to improved mental health outcomes.
Group Art Therapy Activities
Moving from the tactile experience of clay and sculpting, group art therapy activities offer a path for teenagers to connect and communicate through shared creative expression. These collaborative sessions provide not just a canvas but also a community where young minds can explore their emotions and learn from one another.
- Collaborative Mural Projects: Teens come together to plan and paint a large-scale mural, which encourages teamwork. As they discuss ideas and themes, they practice negotiation skills and respect each other’s perspectives. The completed mural stands as a collective achievement that boosts their confidence.
- Mixed Media Collages: By combining various materials like magazine clippings, fabric, and photographs, teens engage in storytelling. This process allows for personal reflection while contributing to a group narrative, celebrating individuality within a community context.
- Group Sculpture Installations: Working with materials such as wire, wood, or recycled objects, teens build sculptures that require cooperative planning and execution. Each participant brings their vision to the project, reinforcing the idea that each role is vital to the final creation.
- Improvisational Theater Exercises: Engaging in psychodrama techniques helps teenagers explore different roles in life scenarios. It fosters empathy by allowing them to step into someone else’s shoes and improves their ability to handle unexpected situations.
- Creative Writing Workshops: Participants write poems or short stories collectively. Through sharing these writings within the group setting, teens gain insight into peer experiences with issues like bereavement or family therapy challenges.
- Music Composition Sessions: Teens collaborate on writing songs or instrumental pieces—especially beneficial for those dealing with substance use or emotional dysregulation. Crafting lyrics and melodies together serves as both an emotional outlet and an exercise in harmony.
- Dance & Movement Workshops: Choreographed by the group members themselves or led by an instructor, dance activities help release tension and express feelings nonverbally. Teens struggling with body image issues or exercise addiction particularly benefit from this somatic approach.
Art Therapy for Specific Disorders
- Art Therapy for Specific Disorders: Tailoring creative therapies to target particular challenges, art therapy provides a unique approach in addressing the complex needs of teens with various psychological disorders.
It offers a non-threatening medium through which they can express feelings, confront inner conflicts, and work towards personal growth and healing.
Conduct Disorders
Conduct disorders in teens can be challenging for both the child and their family. These behavioral issues often involve a pattern of disruptive and violent behaviors that disregard the basic rights of others.
Teens with conduct disorder may exhibit bullying, lying, or stealing, and show a persistent lack of remorse for their actions. Traditional methods might not always penetrate these deep-seated issues; this is where art therapy steps in as an alternative approach.
Art therapy offers a safe space for teenagers to explore these troubling behaviors through creative expression. It’s less about producing beautiful artwork and more about using artistic processes to confront emotions that are difficult to verbalize.
The Wave’s art therapy program allows teens to engage with materials like paint, clay, or pencils, giving shape to inner turmoil without resorting to harmful actions. This process aids them in recognizing and regulating tough emotions while managing behavioral difficulties effectively—a significant stride towards building frustration tolerance and healthier social interactions.
Depression
Art therapy emerges as a beacon of hope for teens grappling with depression, offering more than just temporary relief. At The Wave, our experienced art therapists guide young individuals through the process of creating art, which serves as both an outlet for expression and a powerful tool in managing symptoms of low mood.
By engaging with various art materials and projects, teenagers learn to identify and articulate their feelings—often struggling to do so before—and begin the journey toward emotional healing.
This creative process is not only about making something visually appealing but also about finding meaning and understanding within oneself. As these teens shape clay or stroke brushes across canvas, they are actively working through internal conflicts and learning to regulate challenging emotions.
This aspect of treatment has shown significant promise in aiding those who face depressive episodes or persistent sadness by fostering a sense of accomplishment and self-discovery that bolsters their overall mental wellness without relying on words alone.
Eating Disorders
Eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia in teens often stem from complex emotional issues and a troubled relationship with food and body image. Art therapy presents an innovative approach that bypasses the need for words, allowing your teen to express the anxiety, pressure, and distress they might feel about their body through visual representation.
It offers them a canvas to confront these painful emotions safely while constructing new perspectives on self-worth and beauty standards imposed by society.
In sessions guided by a psychotherapist, teenagers can explore art’s healing powers as they communicate inner conflicts related to their disorder nonverbally. This creative outlet encourages personal growth and paves the way for healthier coping mechanisms without relying solely on verbal expression—a boon for those who find speaking out challenging.
These therapeutic practices not only improve self-esteem but also empower teens to navigate societal pressures with resilience, leading toward sustained recovery without relapses into unhealthy eating patterns.
Moving onto addressing teen anxiety through art therapy..
Addressing Teen Anxiety Through Art Therapy
Art therapy taps into the creative process as a therapeutic tool, helping teens with anxiety to express their feelings in a way that words often cannot capture. Using mediums such as drawing, painting, or sculpting, teens can externalize what they are experiencing internally and begin to address their fears and anxieties indirectly.
This method provides a sense of control over difficult emotions and promotes self-discovery, which is vital for young individuals coping with anxiety.
In these sessions guided by qualified art therapists, anxious teens find an outlet to reduce stress through focused artistic activities that engage their minds and hands simultaneously.
The therapist might also integrate other techniques like mindfulness or EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) when appropriate. As each artwork takes shape, so does the teen’s understanding of their own emotional state.
They learn strategies for managing anxiety that are both personal and effective.
Conclusion
Creative therapies unlock a world of emotional resilience for teens grappling with life’s challenges. Through painting, sculpture, and more, young minds find solace and self-expression that traditional therapies may overlook.
They learn to navigate their emotions, articulate their experiences, and build a toolkit for mental wellness that will serve them well into adulthood. Let’s champion these innovative paths to healing as powerful allies in our children’s journey toward growth and stability.
Encouraging teens to explore art therapy could very well be the key to unlocking their full potential while fostering lasting well-being.
FAQs
1. How does art therapy help teens with PTSD?
Art therapy offers an alternative way for traumatized teens to express their feelings, making it easier for them to address and work through complex emotions associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
2. Can creative therapies improve focus in teens with attention disorders?
Yes, engaging in artistic activities can significantly benefit teens struggling with attention deficit or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by providing a focused and calming outlet.
3. What kind of behavioral disorders can be managed through creative therapies?
Creative therapies are known to have positive effects on a variety of behavioral disorders, including borderline personality disorder and those resulting from neglect or obsessions.
4. Is art therapy only helpful for mental health issues, or can it also support teens with disabilities?
Art not only aids in healing mental health concerns but is also immensely beneficial for teenagers with disabilities as it encourages self-expression and emotional regulation without reliance on verbal communication.
Dr. O “TheTeenDoc.” helps clinicians communicate better with their teen patients. She speaks, blogs www.TheTeenDoc.com, researches and consults on communicating with teens. She has written two e-books for parents and teens on communicating about the challenging subject of sexual health. You know, teens that bring chief complaints of belly pain, social crisis, emotional turmoil and obnoxious parents. Or, is it the parents with obnoxious teens? Sometimes she mixes that complaint up.
Dr. O speaks www.TheTeenDoc.com to and is consulted by clinicians who want advice managing difficult teen and teen-parent situations. These situations frustrate clinicians and slow down their clinics making them wonder if they’ll ever walk out the door for the day. Every day, in her own practice, Dr. O helps clinicians communicate better with teens and helping you is another level of reward. Her talks are fun and informative, and her delivery empowers clinicians to actually think teens are an awesome group to work with. Her energy about teens is contagious and has inspired her coaching clients to have less fear and more confidence with the teens in their panel. Her dedication to seeing you succeed with a group she is so passionate about is what makes Dr. O’s Lounge the place you want to be!
If you are a clinician that has teen’s in your practice, from pediatrics to internal medicine, the person with whom you need to connect is Dr. O “TheTeenDoc!” You can listen to a complimentary audio “The Art of Teen Medicine” and recommend her e-book “Are You Serious? It’s Just Sex!” to your patients. And while you’re there, become part of Dr.O’s Lounge.
Specialties: consulting, coaching, counseling, mental health, research, seminars, spanish, public speaker, teaching, communications between teens and adults